So, over the last few centuries experts have found out various principles that have been proven effective with time. These principles are based on effect and cause system which means that an action has a reaction. These principles were derived from a lot of observation and analysis of the nature of human beings and organizational structure.

These scientific theories have helped managers to solve the daily problems in their organization and to manage their resources well. Some definition of famous writers are:

According to G. Hicks - “Principles of Management are guiding rules of laws for management action.”

According to Henry Fayol- “Principles of Management are flexible and not absolute, but mostly utilized in the light of changing and special condition.”

(Sharma, Surendra Raj; Jha, Surendra Kumar - Pg.32)

Management principles are both descriptive as well as prospective in nature. Perspective means what should be done in a certain situation and descriptively describes the relationship between any two variables. Hence over time many writers, authors, and management experts have contributed to formulating the principles of management for the future generation.

Features of Management Principles 

1. Universally applicable to various types of organizations all over the world.
2. Flexible in nature according to time and situation.
3. Cause and effect relationship of all the action and their results.
4. Focused on human behavior and nature.
5. The equal importance of all the principles.

Concept of Taylor’s Scientific Management

Fredrick Winslow Taylor (1856-1915) was a pioneer in the field of Scientific Management. He is regarded as the father of Scientific Management. Taylor published his work “Principles of Scientific Management” in the year 1911 A.D.

Taylor started as a worker in Midvale Steel Company and he was promoted to chief engineer. Later, he joined Bethlehem Steel Company. After his retirement, he worked as a consulting engineer.

His vast experience of managing people led him to experiment and understand how to manage a company in the most scientific manner. He experimented on how to increase the efficiency of manpower and get maximum profit.

According to F.W Taylor- “Scientific Management means knowing exactly what you want men to do and seeing that they do in the best and the cheapest way.”

So, we can understand that scientific management is the art of knowing what is to be done and how it is to be done.

During his time in the companies, he found out that there were no specific ideas guiding the action of management but managers used a rule of thumb. There was no proper division of responsibilities among the labor and managers. The resources were not fully utilized which led to less output.

So, Taylor saw the need to make management scientific with well-defined ideas and fixed principles rather than depending on hazy ideas.

Principles of Scientific Management by Taylor

1. Science, not a rule of thumb:
   The first principle of scientific management aims to replace the traditional rule of thumb approach in management. Rule of thumb means general assumptions or rules that are made on the basis of past experiences or practice. So this principle suggests there must be scientific analysis and study of any job and only after the investigation, an action should be conducted.
   
   
2. Harmony, not discord:
   In the process of management, there is a relationship between a manager and an employee. So there will be two different interests. There will be a personal interest of the employee and there will be organizational interest. So this principle states that both this interest should go side by side. There must be a harmony of interest and should be focused on attaining the organizational goals with the mutual benefit of both the employee and the organization.
   
   
3. Co-operation, not individualism:
   According to this principle, there should be a feeling of co-operation between the manager and the labor. If there will be a feeling of personal interest then the organizational goals cannot be obtained hence both the manager and the employee should focus on the organizational goals. So there needs to be a mental revolution in both the mind of the employee and the employer. The employer must provide a suitable environment for the employee to work and the employee must focus on the greater goal.
   
   
4. Maximum output:
   According to this principle, a business organization must always be focused on maximizing profit and productivity. There should be optimum utilization of resources and a maximum effort by the manpower to generate the maximum output for the organization.
   
   
5. Division of responsibility:
   This principle divides the role of planning and executing among the employer and the employee. The employer should be given the role of only planning and the employee should focus on only operating to execute the plans. By this, there will be no confusion regarding their roles and there will be a smooth operation of action.
   
   
6. Development of employees:
   According to Taylor, there must be a scientific selection of human resources and once they are selected they must be trained and developed in such a way that they can work to their maximum capacity for the organization. The success of the organization depends on the efforts of the most competent employees. So they must be trained and groomed providing essential facilities and growth.

Hence, these are the basic principles of Taylor’s scientific management which focus on maximum output by efficient use of the resources. The major contribution of Taylor’s Scientific Management is its focus on the scientific approach to management and a high increase in efficiency and productivity.

(Shrestha pg- 36-38)

(Neupane Surendra; Parajuli, Ram Prasad; Jha, Deepak Kumar; Chhetri, Tuk Bahadur; Dulal, Gopal Prasad- pg-33-40)

Limitations of Taylors' Scientific Management

There are many merits of Scientific Management such as improvement of efficiency for maximum output, development of skills of employees and improving productivity. But there are some criticisms by employers, workers, and experts which cannot be overlooked. Some of the limitations of Taylor’s Scientific Management are:

1. Focus only on Employees:
   Taylor’s scientific management gives too much emphasis to the workers. It does not address other problems that might come up in an organization. In a way, it is also criticized that it exploits the workers and there is no wage rise system along with a rise in productivity.
   
   
2. No best way:
   Taylor’s scientific management tries to find the best solution to run an organization but in practice, there is no best way to run an organization. There are many employees from different backgrounds and perspectives. So all cannot be treated in the same way. So there cannot be one best approach in management.
   
   
3. Separation of planning and doing:
   Planning and executing are separated from Taylor’s scientific management. According to F.W Taylor- “Planning should be a responsibility of employers and execution of plans should lie to the employees”. But in practice planning and executing are closely related and both cannot be separated.
   
   
4. Monotonous and Frustration:
   In Taylor’s scientific Management a worker has to do a certain job to the best capacity. So there is a specialization of the job. But there is monotonous and dullness which can cause mental fatigue. Due to a lack of creativity and originality, employees might face frustration.
   
   
5. Ignores Human Factor:
   Workers are just taken as economic tools by the scientific management of FW Taylor. This principle believes that employees are only motivated by money. But this is not true in all cases. Human beings are motivated by other factors as well such as human dignity, moral values, respect, and care, etc. So, the Scientific Management of Taylor neglects the human side of Labor.
   
   
6. Supply without considering Market Demand:
   According to Taylor, maximizing production helps in maximizing sales which eventually leads to high profit. But it is not true as the supply must be made with respect to the demand of the market. If supply is more than the demand then there will be overutilization of resources and inventory cost will increase. So, supply and production should not be maximum but should be optimum depending on market demand.

Hence even though Taylor’s scientific management was the base for the management principles in the early days of management principles, it has the above limitations. Some of such limitations are expensive and time-consuming for small firms, ignores the subjects such as delegation of authority, the flow of information, motivational aspect of management, etc.

References

• Neupane Surendra; Parajuli, Ram prasad; Jha , Deepak Kumar; Chhetri, Tuk Bahadur; Dulal, Gopal Prasad;. "Business Studies class: XII." Kathmandu: Nawakala Publications, 2011. 28-40.
• Sharma , Surendra Raj; Jha, Surendra Kumar;. "Business Studies Grade XII." Sukunda Pustak Bhawan, 2011 A.D. 31-40.
• Shrestha, Kul Narsingh. "Business Organization and Management ." Kathmandu: Nabin Prakashan, 2065 B.S. 30-46.