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Fish is a very rich source of protein. In Nepal, both local and exotic species of fish are available. Fishes are naturally available from rivers, ponds, seas, and wetlands. For fish farming, a pond is necessary.
Fish need nutrients. Fish farming also requires a balanced diet that includes carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, and minerals. Fish are fed differently than another animals. Food for fish is supplied in the following ways:
Manure of pigs, chickens and ducks increase production rather than the manure of cows and goats. There are many ways to apply manure such as:
There are some special advantages of organic manure over fertilizers, which are:
Feeding readymade feed: Readymade feeds are important for fish farming. It supplies balanced nutrition to the farmed fish. Feed are put in a flat feeder, possibly a clay pot, suspended with a strong rope and placed at one or more places in the pond. Feed is required only to supplement a balanced diet and to administer medicines.
Fish can find natural food by themselves under ponds. Daily, maximum 5% of their body weight is supplemented from outer sources. We can buy readymade feed from the market or prepare ourselves from rice bran, soya cakes, maize, flour, etc. While making a balanced diet for fish, we must include nutritious foods. Sources of nutritions include:
Carbohydrates and Fat: Carbohydrates are the main source of energy. The main sources of carbohydratesarerice, maize, barley, and wheat.
Minerals: Minerals are important for the body to stay healthy. The sources of minerals are common salt, bone meal, oyster cells, and readymade mineral mixtures. Calcium and phosphorous are required in a large quantity.
Proteins: Proteins are large, complex molecules that play many critical roles in the body. The main sources of proteinsare soybean, mustard seeds, leguminous crops like cowpeas, grams, lentils, peas etc.
Vitamins: Vitamins are organic compounds which are needed in small quantities to sustain life. Vitamins are found in both plants and animals. Most of them are found in feed ingredients.
Reproduction depends on fish. Every fish do not have same reproduction system. The length time also varies depending on the type of fish. The lifecycle of fish depends on the species. In general, fish progress through the following cycle stages:
Eggs: Fertilized eggs develop into fish. Due to some adverse environmental conditions, disease and predators, most eggs do not survive to maturity.
Larval fish: Larval fish live with a yolk sac attached to their bodies.
Fry: When the yolks are fully absorbed, the young fish are called fry during their first month. It is ready to eat on its own.
Juvenile: After fry starts developing from fry to mature adult and gains reproductive capacity, it is called a juvenile. Most of them do not survive.
Adult: This is fully developed and sexually active stage. Fish start to reproduce.
Spawning: Female fish release eggs into the stagnant water and male fish fertilize eggs by releasing milt. Some fish spawn many times in fixed season each year while other spawns only once and then die.
Fish contains high nutritional value and is a very good source of fats. It is also used as decoration in an aquarium. We can manage this by collecting following data of fish keeping up to date:
Fish gets diseases due to several reasons like infection, metazoan, unicellular parasites. Some of the most common diseases are as follows:
Fin rot: A fish with fin rot will have ragged, frayed fins. Both the fins and the tail may be affected. If left untreated, the fins will eventually erode away and the infection will spread to the body of the fish. It is brought on by poor water conditions, injuries or poor diets.
Gyrodactylus: It is a parasitic infection. It can be treated by adding sulfuric acid in a small amount of fish. The symptoms are sluggishness, fin-drop, flashing color etc.
Ulcers: An ulcer is a discontinuity or break in a bodily membrane. A major symptom is theloss of appetite. We must keep the ponds clean for its prevention. Apply topical medication to the affected area of fish for treatment.
Trichodina: Trichodina is a genus of ciliate protists. Red patches and cloudy appearance on skull and gills are seen. It can be controlled through salt treatment.
Black spot: Small dark spots are seen in the fin and the body. It is also a parasitic infection.
Ichtyophthirirus: Main symptoms are scratching on head and white spots on the whole body, cloudiness on eyes and fins are slow. It can be controlled through salt treatment. The pond should be clean for prevention.
Proper sanitation, feeding, and salt treatment are good practices for the prevention of fish diseases.
Nutrients can be classified into six categories- carbohydrates, fats, proteins, minerals, vitamins and water. The first two are required for energy and later four are required for growth, maintenance, and vitality. Providing such nutrients are known as a balanced diet of fishery.
While feeding fish, all kinds of nutrients (carbohydrates, fats, proteins, minerals, vitamins and water) should be considered.
The production management of fish can be done by keeping up to date records of the following aspects:
Ulcers:
Bacterial ulcers are very common problems in fish and seem to strike ornamental patches. An ulcer is a discontinuity or break in a bodily membrane. A major symptom is a loss of appetite. We should keep the ponds clean for their prevention. Also, we should apply topical medication to the affected areas of fish for the treatment.
The symptoms of Gyrodactylus are sluggishness, fin-drop, flashing color etc.
The advantages of organic manure over fertilizers are:
Fish is a very rich source of _____ .
How many types of breeds are available in Nepal?
What is the percentage of production cost spent in managing food?
What should be the temperature of water for fish farming?
What is the recommended rate of manure?
What is the recommended rate of lime?
In which stage, fish start eating by its own?
Which disease is not caused in fish?
Which one is not a symptom of ulcers?
Which one is not the source of minerals?
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Jaldeep sapkota
Controlling measure of blackspot diseases
Mar 24, 2017
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