Preposition

A prepositional phrase consists of a preposition plus a noun or pronoun (the object of the preposition). The object of the preposition is just a fancy name for the noun or pronoun that that follows the preposition. It is a word which shows the relation of noun/ pronoun.

Types of Preposition

1. Preposition of time
2. Preposition of space
3. Preposition of direction
4. Miscellaneous

Preposition of time (at, on, in, till, until, to, for, from, since, by, during, before, after etc.)

1. At
   to indicate time by watch.
   Example: The class starts at 12:00 P.M.
   
   • Name of Festival. 
     Example: I will go home at Dashain.
   • Before daybreak, sunrise, sunset.
     Example: He will arrive at sunset.
   • Before Parts of Day, morning, afternoon, evening, night, midnight, midday but there should not be article 'the'.
     Example: He gets up at morning. (He gets up in 'the' morning.)
   • Before movement or time but there must be this, that any boundary.
     Example: He can arrive at any time.
2. On / In
   
   • Before Name of Day and Date 'on'.
     Example: He was born on Monday.
   • Bigger than the day like the name of a month, season, century, decade etc. 'in'.
     Example: He will go in 1998.
   • 'In' is used before period of time.
     Example: He will return back in two years.
   • To show state of age like infancy, childhood, in old age in youth.
     Example: Sushil Koirala died in old age.
3. Till / Until (सम्म)
   period of time
   Example: I'll teach till/ until 5 o' clock.
4. For (सम्म)
   period of time
   Example: We will read for 6 hours. (६ घण्टा सम्म)
5. To
   only that place (not others)
   Example: He goes to school. (सरासर स्कुलमा मात्र)
6. For/ Since
   • 'for' any tense to show period of time
     Example: I have been sick for 3 days.
   • 'since' point of time, and only in perfect tense.
     Example: He has been sick since last Sunday.
   • If any clause indicates time, 'since' is used.
     Example: He has been here since he got married.
   • Where there are till, until, to used to show as a pair 'from'.
     Example: He works from morning to evening.
7. By (सम्ममा)
   by 5 pm (५ बजे सम्ममा)
   at 5 pm (५ बजे ठिक)
   5 pm sharp (पछि)
   
   

Preposition of space (at, on, in, into, inside, outside, over, under, above, below etc.)

1. At
   not separate inside or outside, to show a certain point or to show nearly
   Example: Where can be? \(\rightarrow\) at bus stop, shop, platform etc.
   
   

   

2. On
   any object either in hanging/ sticking condition
   Example: The picture is on the wall.
3. In
   inside depth or within certain boundary
   Example: The book is in the bag.
4. On
   generally 'on' indicates rest position
   Example: The duster is on the table.
5. Onto
   with force or motion if any object, place 'onto' anywhere.
6. Into
   from outside to inside in motion
7. Inside
   inside but at any point, side place
   Example: They are sitting inside the class.
8. Outside
   'outside' is used for any point or place.
   Example: He is standing outside the class.
9. Over
   vertically above \(\uparrow\)
   Example: The plywood is over my head.
10. Under
    vertically down \(\downarrow\)
    Example: There is a mouse under the table.
11. Above
    above one layer to another
12. Below
    below one layer to another
    Example: He is sitting below the fan.
13. Over
    partially or fully covered
    
    

Preposition of direction (from.....to...., through, towards, along, across, by pass, into, onto, of, off, against)

1. from....to.....
   If anything from one place to another place straight, in that case 'from....to.....' is used.
   Example: There is tarred road from Chabahil to Jorpati.
   If any object or person in motion goes fro one point to another point.
   Example: He is coming from school to house.
   

   

2. through
   If any object or thing on the way for short time disappears and re-emerge, then through is used.
   Example: He went through a tunnel.
   

   

3. towards
   goes somewhere, at last reaches where he/ she wants
   may at last, reaches where he wants to go, or may not he go or he goes somewhere else and at last he reaches where he wants to go.
   

   

4. along
   goes/ moves in motion in a straight path or wants to go in straight path
   Example; He goes along the road. (does not change his side)
   

   

5. by
   any person/ thing goes near by anything in motion.
   Example: I went by the tree.
   

   

6. past
   any person/ thing goes near by anything in motion and then passed it.
   Example: I went by the tree and past it.
   

   

7. across
   not to go straight and not to disappear
   Example: He went across the road.
   

   

8. up
   to go to a certain height
9. down
   to come down from certain height
   

   

10. onto
    Example: He stepped onto the wall, went along it, jumped off the wall, then returns back.
    

    

11. round
    Example: he goes round the ground.
    

    

Miscellaneous Preposition

1. by; agent: Nischal
   The letter was written by Nischal.
2. with: instrument: pen
   Example: We write with a pen.
3. beside: side of any person/ thing
   Example: He sits beside me.
4. besides: except
   Example: Besides Nischal, other all were beaten.
5. in: used in clothes or ornaments
   Example: He is in new dress.
6. with: carrying something
   Example: A man with basket is coming.
7. of: to show temporary character/ age
   Example: She is a girl of 16.
   
   

Special use of 'to' with Adjective

new to	loyal to	fatal to	harmful to	faithful to
kind to	injurious to	superior to	obedient to	rude to
similar to	cruel to	inferior to	liable to	polite to

Special use of 'at'

clever at	shocked at	bad at	quick at	good at
efficient at	expert at	astonished at	prompt at	lucky at

Special use of 'of',  'with' and 'to'

afraid of	ahead of	ashamed of	assist with	alternate to
acquainted with	agree with	agree with	aware of	accuse of

Special use of other prepositions

absorbed in	abstain from (avoid)	accustomed to	avail of (to get benefit)	apart from
agree to	borrow from	bent for	beneficial to	by the taxi
by air	on horse-back	on foot	boast of	compare with
care for	dream of	content with	congratulate on	contray to
dependent on	deprive of	envious of	revenge on	prohibit from
popular with	mad after	repent of	remind of	stare at
thirst for	cause of	curse to	certain of	delight in
different from	desirous of	die of	eager for	relay on
remedy for	owe to	knock down	sick of	true to
useful to	unknown to	wrong about	yield to	wait for

Prepositional Phrase

• bear out: पुष्टि गर्नु 
• blow out: फुकेर निभाउनु 
• break into: जबरजस्ती पस्नु 
• break out: फैलिनु 
• call on: घरमा गएर भेट्नु 
• catch up with: पिछा गरेर समाउनु 
• care about: रूची राख्नु 
• care for: हेरविचार गर्नु 
• come across: भेट हुनु 
• die out: लोप हुनु 
• go through: पढ्नु 
• live on: निर्वाह गर्नु 
• run over: किच्नु 
• take after: अनुहार मिल्नु 
• turn over: पल्टाउनु 
• make out: बुझ्नु 
• look into: छानबिन गर्नु 
• look for: खोजी गर्नु 
• put aside: बचाएर राख्नु 
• put out: निभाउनु 
• put up with: सहनु 
• pull off: स्थगित गर्नु