Generation of Computer

Computer Generation

The history of computer is also referred with its generation. Key technology development that vitally changed the way computers operate, resulting in increasingly smaller, cheaper, more powerful, efficient and reliable devices distinguished the generation of the computer. This division of computer according to the development period, memory, processing speed, efficiency, storage etc. is called computer generation. There are five computer generations:

First Generation (1946-1958)

Vacuum tubes were used for first generation computers for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory. They were very huge and expensive to operate. Due to the consumption of great deal of electricity, it generated a lot of heat that often caused malfunctioning in the system. Example: ENIAC, UNIVAC, MARK-1.

Features:

• They used vacuum tubes/valves as their main electronic components.
• Storage capacity was limited to 1 KB to 4 KB.
• They used machine level language for programming.
• Processing speed was in millisecond.
• They used magnetic drum for primary memory.

Drawbacks:

• Difficult in maintenance.
• No facility of linking program.
• Difficult for logical programming.

Second Generation (1959-1964)

The transistors invented in 1947 which was not seen as extensive use, replaced vacuum tubes. The transistor was far superior to the vacuum tube that made computers to become smaller, faster, cheaper, more energy-efficient and more reliable that the first generation computers.eg. IBM 1401, UNIVAC-II, IBM 1620.

Features:

• They used transistors in place of vacuum tubes. 1 transistor=1000 vacuum tubes.
• Speed of processing was increased to microsecond.
• They used magnetic core as primary memory and magnetic tapes as auxiliary memory.
• They were much smaller and more reliable.
• They used assembly language for programming.

Third generation (1965-1974)

The development of the Integrated Circuit (IC) was the major turning point of the third generation computers. Transistors were made smaller and placed on silicon clips called semiconductors that drastically increased the speed and efficiency of computers. It was called integrated Circuit. Eg: IBM 360, PDP-8, etc.

Features:

• Integrated Circuit (IC) replaced transistors. 1 IC=100 transistors.
• Processing speed was increased to nanosecond.
• Semi conductor memory was used instead of magnetic core memory.
• They used high-level language for programming.
• They were smaller, more efficient and more reliable.

Forth Generation (1975-1990)

The development of microprocessor gave rise to the forth generation of computers. A microprocessor has thousands of integrated circuits builds onto a single silicon clips. The Intel 4004 chips, developed in 1971 is the first microprocessor.

Features:

• Microprocessor is used in place of transistors. Very Large Scale integration (VLSI) containing 10/20 LSIs(Large Scale Integration) is called microprocessor.
• Speed of processing is increased to Pico second. Billions of instructions could be processed in a second.
• They are very user-friendly computers which use many high level languages for programming

Fifth Generation Computer (1991-Personal and beyond)

The fifth generation computers are based on Artificial Intelligence (AI) and are still in development. After 90s computers that support Voice Recognition System (VRS) have been developed.

Features:

• These computers will use parallel processor made from super conductors Gallium Arsenide (GaAs)/biochip.
• They will posses Artificial Intelligence (AI).
• They will be able to input in nature language.

Artificial Intelligence (AI)

It is the biotechnology, which will be used in the fifth generation computer. Computer having AI will be able to understand natural language, think and make decisions.

Things to remember

• Vacuum tubes were used for first generation computers for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory.
• The transistors invented in 1947 which was not seen as extensive use, replaced vacuum tubes.
• The development of the Integrated Circuit (IC) was the major turning point of the third generation computers.
• A microprocessor has thousands of integrated circuits builds onto a single silicon clips.
• The fifth generation computers are based on Artificial Intelligence (AI) and are still in development.

• It includes every relationship which established among the people.
• There can be more than one community in a society. Community smaller than society.
• It is a network of social relationships which cannot see or touched.
• common interests and common objectives are not necessary for society.

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