Verbs

A verb denotes an action or being or possession.For example:

The referee showed the red card.(action)

Jaya hit the ball hard.(action)

Manoj is intelligent.(being)

A verb that requires an object to complete its meaning is called a transitive verb.

A verb that does not require an object to complete its meaning but has a complete meaning by itself is called an intransitive verb.

Verbs like be (is, are, am, was, were, will be, shall be, etc.), appear, seem and look are incomplete verbs.

Chief parts of verb

The chief parts of a verb are:

1. The present tense (first form)
2. The past tense (second form)
3. The past participle (third form)

For example, the chief part of the verb go are:

1. Go (the present tense)
2. Went (the past tense)
3. Gone (the past participle)

They are called the chief parts because we can form all the other parts of a verb with their help.

Strong and weak verbs

• Weak verbs form their past tense by adding -ed, or -d, or -t to the present:

Present tense	Past tense
laugh	laughed
receive	received
learn	learnt

• Strong verbs form their past tense by changing the inside vowel(s) of their present tense :

Present tense	Past tense
come	came
know	knew
speak	spoke

Strong verbs

Present	Past	Past participle
arise	arose	arisen
awake	awaked, awoke	awaked, awoken
bear	bore	born, borne
beat	beat	beaten
become	became	become
begin	began	begun
bid	bade,bid	bidden, bid
bind	bound	bound
bite	bit	bit, bitten
blow	blew	blown
break	broke	broken
choose	chose	chosen
come	came	come
dig	dug	dug
do	did	done
draw	drew	drawn
drink	drank	drunk
eat	ate	eaten
fall	fell	fallen
fight	fought	fought
find	found	found
fly	flew	flown
forget	forgot	forgotten
forgive	forgave	forgiven
get	got	got
give	gave	given
go	went	gone
grow	grew	grown
hang	hung	hung
hide	hid	hidden, hid
hold	held	held
know	knew	known
lie	lay	lain
ride	rode	ridden
ring	rang	rung
rise	rose	risen
run	ran	run
see	saw	seen
shake	shook	shaken
shine	shone	shone
sing	sang	sung
sink	sank	sunk
sit	sat	sat
speak	spoke	spoken
spring	sprang	sprung
stand	stood	stood
steal	stole	stolen
stick	stuck	struck
sting	stung	stung
swim	swam	swum
swing	swung	swung
take	took	taken
tear	tore	torn
throw	threw	thrown
understand	understood	understood
wake	woke	woken
wear	wore	worn
win	won	won
wind	wound	wound
withdraw	withdrew	withdrawn
wring	wrung	wrung
write	wrote	written

Weak verbs

Present	Past	Past participle
bend	bent	bent
bring	brought	brought
build	built	built
burn	burnt, burned	burnt, burned
catch	caught	caught
creep	crept	crept
dare	dared	dared
deal	dealt	dealt
deceive	deceived	deceived
die	died	died
dive	dived	dived
dream	dreamt,dreamed	dreamt,dreamed
dwell	dwelt	dwelt
feed	fed	fed
feel	felt	felt
flee	fled	fled
flow	flowed	flowed
hang	hanged	hanged
have	had	had
hear	heard	heard
keep	kept	kept
kneel	knelt	knelt
lay	laid	laid
lead	led	led
learn	learnt, learned	learnt, learned
light	lit, lighted	lit, lighted
lie	lied	lied
lose	lost	lost
make	made	made
mean	meant	meant
meet	met	met
melt	melted	melted
pay	paid	paid
prove	proved	proved
quarrel	quarrelled	quarrelled
raise	raised	raised
saw	sawed	sawed
say	said	said
sell	sold	sold
send	sent	sent
shoot	shot	shot
show	showed	showed
sleep	slept	slept
smell	smelt	smelt
sow	sowed	sowed
spend	spent	spent
sweep	swept	swept
teach	taught	taught
tell	told	told
think	thought	thought
travel	travelled	travelledd
weep	wept	wept
work	worked	worked

Some troublesome verbs

Born, borne

Bear has the following forms:

Present	Past	Past participle
bear	bore	born	(to give birth)
bear	bore	borne	(to carry)

For example:-

Kamal was born in 1996.

The almirah was so heavy that it could be borne with great difficulty.

Hung, hanged

Hang has the following forms:

Present	Past	Past particile
hang	hung	hung	(to suspend)
hang	hanged	hanged	(to put to death by tying a rope round the neck)

The criminal was hanged.

She hung the gown in the wardrobe.

They hung the picture on the wall.

Lie

Lie has the following forms:

Present	Past	Past participle
lie	lay	lain	(to rest)
lie	lied	lied	(to speak falsely)

I was tired. So I laydown for a little while.

Let me liehere.

I know you liedto me.

Rise, raise

To rise means to get up or to come up. To raise means to lift.

Formation of verbs

We can form verbs

1. from noun: courage:- encourage;friend:- befriend; class:- classify
2. from adjectives: rich :-enrich; fresh:-refresh; loose:- loosen;

Things to remember

• A verb denotes an action or being or possession.
• A verb that requires an object to complete its meaning is called a transitive verb.
• A verb that does not require an object to complete its meaning but has a complete meaning by itself is called an intransitive verb.
• Verbs like be (is, are, am, was, were, will be, shall be, etc.), appear, seem and look are incomplete verbs.

• It includes every relationship which established among the people.
• There can be more than one community in a society. Community smaller than society.
• It is a network of social relationships which cannot see or touched.
• common interests and common objectives are not necessary for society.