Subject: Science
We perform various types of work in our daily life. To perform work, we need energy. We cannot do work without energy. Work is said to be done when the force acts upon an object to cause a displacement. Energy is the capacity of doing work. Energy and work are measured in terms of a joule (J). Power is defined as the rate at which work is done upon an object. Power is related to how fast a work is done. The unit of power is watt (W) which is joule/second.
We need the energy to perform daily activities in our life. Food and respiration provide us energy. Energy is the capacity or ability to do work. The SI unit of energy is joule and in CGS system, it is erg. It has the only magnitude so it is a scalar quantity. Kinetic energy, potential energy, heat energy etc are some of the examples of energy. To calculate the amount of energy, we use the formula of work as the magnitude of energy is equal to the magnitude of work done.
There are various types of energy, which are as follows,
The energy possessed by a body when the body is at rest or in motion is called mechanical energy. There are two forms of mechanical energy. They are given below,
Kinetic Energy
Kinetic energy can be defined as the energy possessed by a body due to its motion. It is a scalar quantity. All the objects in motion have kinetic energy whether it is in vertical or horizontal motion. There are various forms of kinetic energy like vibrational energy, rotational energy etc. Flying an aeroplane, travelling car, flowing river, falling asteroid etc. possesses kinetic energy.
If ‘m’ is the mass of the moving body and ‘v’ is the velocity at which the body is moving then kinetic energy of the moving body is given by,
Kinetic energy (KE) = \(\frac{1}{2}\) mass \(\times\) (velocity)2
Or, KE = \(\frac{1}{2}\) m \(\times\) v2
This equation reveals that kinetic energy of a moving body is directly proportional to the product of mass and square of the velocity of a body.
Potential energy
Potential energy is the energy stored in a body at rest. Chemical energy from a battery is a potential form of energy, elastic energy in a stretched rubber band is a form of potential energy, but the most commonly referred to the form of potential energy in physics is that of gravitational potential energy. This energy is stored due to the object’s position.
Potential energy of a body can be calculated by the following formula,
Potential energy (PE) = m \(\times\) g \(\times\) h
Where,
m = mass of the body
g = acceleration due to gravity whose value is 9.8m/s2
h = height of the object
\(\therefore\) PE = mgh
Heat is the form of energy which gives the sensation of warmth to us. It is obtained from hot bodies. Sun is the main source of heat energy. Heat energy can also be obtained from the burning of fuels like petrol, diesel, etc.
A sound is a form of energy which gives the sensation of hearing. It is produced due to the vibration of a body. It cannot travel through the vacuum. Some examples of sources of sound energy are a loudspeaker, radio, drum, noise etc.
Activity
Bring a guitar. Play the string of the guitar. What do you observe while playing while playing the guitar? What do you conclude from this activity?
Light is a form of energy which gives the sensation of vision. Sunlight is the main source of light energy which is used by all the living organisms of the earth. The burning of fuel like coal, petrol, etc also produce light energy.
Activity
Bring a plant in a pot. Then put the plant in a place where there is sunlight for 2- 3 days. Now, put the plant inside the house where there is no sunlight for next 2- 3 days. What do you observe? What do you conclude from this experiment?
Chemical energy is the energy stored in chemicals. It is produced due to the chemical change of a substance. Since chemical energy is a stored energy, it is also the form of potential energy. Battery, food, petroleum, biomass, etc. are some of the examples of stored chemical energy.
The energy which is obtained through the nuclear reaction whether through nuclear fission or nuclear fusion is called nuclear energy. The energy obtained through the sun is a type of nuclear energy. Nuclear energy produces a large amount of heat, light and sound energy. When a nuclear bomb is exploded then it produces a large amount of heat, light and sound energy.
Electrical energy is a form of energy produced by the moving electric charges. It can be easily converted to the other form of energy like heat energy, light energy, sound energy etc. Electrical energy is used in various types of work. In a car battery, the chemical reaction creates an electron which has the energy to move in an electric current. These moving charges provide electrical energy to the circuits in the car.
Activity
Bring a battery and the radio. Then placed the battery inside the radio and listen to the radio. What do you observe from this activity? What do you conclude from this activity?
Magnetic energy is the energy possessed by a magnet. It is the energy within a magnetic field. Magnetic energy is used to produce electrical energy. It is used in various electrical devices like a loudspeaker, telephone, radio etc. It is used in various factories to lift the loads made of magnetic substances.
Activity
Bring the bar magnet and the pieces of iron nails. Then, placed the iron nails near the bar magnet. What do you observe? What do you conclude from this activity?
We perform various types of activities in our daily life. These all activities are called work. Some of the examples of work are writing, reading, driving, etc. Work is said to be done if the force applied on a body changes the position of the body in the direction of force applied. The SI unit of work is Joule. Since work has the only magnitude without direction, so it is a scalar quantity. Work done is the product of force and displacement that is,
Work done (W) = Force \(\times\) Displacement (s)
\(\therefore\) W = F \(\times\) s
When 1N force displaces a body through 1m in the direction of the force then the work done is said to be one-joule work.
Work done by a force is zero when force is applied perpendicular to the displacement. Sometimes in some cases, work done by a gravity becomes zero. Like, when you move on the ground carrying a load of 5 kg then work done by gravity is zero. But the work done by you is not zero. There are two types of work which are as follow,
Work done against gravity
Gravity is defined as the force of attraction exerted by the earth which pulls all objects towards its centre. When work is done against the earth’s gravity then it is called work done against gravity. Throwing ball upward, lifting water from well, etc. are some examples of work done against gravity.
Work done against friction
The force, which opposes the motion of one body over the other when they are in close contact, is called frictional force. When work is done against friction then it is called work done against friction. Some of the examples of work done against friction are pushing a box of certain mass across the rough surface, pushing vehicles in roads, etc.
Example 1
If a boy applied a force of 100N to displace a box at a distance of 20m then what is the work done by the boy?
Solutions:
We have,
Force applied (F) = 100N
Displacement (s) = 20m
Work done (w) = ?
According to the formula,
w = F \(\times\) s
= 100 \(\times\) 20
= 20000J
\(\therefore\) The work done = 20000J
Power is defined as the rate of doing work. The SI unit of power is watt (W) which is joule per second. It is a scalar quantity. If ‘w’ be the work done by the body at ‘t’ time then the rate of doing work or power is given by,
Power = \(\frac{Work done (w)}{Time\; taken}\)
\(\therefore\)P = \(\frac{w}{t}\)
If a body takes less time to do some work then the rate of doing work is said to be more and if the body takes more time to do work then the rate of doing work is said to be less.
When 1-joule work is done in 1 second then the rate of doing work is said to be one-watt power.
Horsepower
A horsepower is a unit of measurement of power. The electrical equivalent of one horsepower is 746 watts in the international Systems of Unit (SI). It is mainly used in engineering and is denoted by H.P.
Relationship between watt (W), kilowatt (KW) and megawatt (MW)
1000 W = 1 kW
1000 kW = 1 MW
1 MW = 1000000 W
Example 2
A man does 40J of work in a certain time. If the power of the man is 10 watt then what time does it take to complete work?
Solution:
Given,
Work done (w) = 40J
Power (P) = 10watt
Time taken = ?
By using formula,
P = \(\frac{w}{t}\)
Or, 10 = \(\frac{40}{t}\)
Or, 10t = 40
Or, t = \(\frac{40}{10}\)
Or, t = 4s
\(\therefore\) The time of work done is 4 seconds.
Example 3
A man lifts a stone of 100N to a height of 5 metres in 2 seconds. Calculate the work done and power of the man to lift a stone.
Solution:
Given,
Force of stone (F) = 100N
Displacement (s) = 5 metre
Time taken (t) = 2 seconds
Work done (w) = ?
Power (P) = ?
According to the formula,
w = F \(\times\) s
= 10 \(\times\) 5
= 50 joule
\(\therefore\) Work done by a man to lift a stone is 50 joule.
Now,
P = \(\frac{w}{t}\)
= \(\frac{50}{2}\)
= 25 watt
\(\therefore\) The power of man is 25 joule per second
What is mechanical energy? What are the types of mechanical energy? Write one example of each of them.
The energy contained by a body at rest or in motion is called mechanical energy. It is the sum of kinetic energy and potential energy. There are two kinds of mechanical energy which are as follows,
Derive the equation of kinetic energy.
The energy of a body in motion is called kinetic energy. For example, energy possessed by moving water is a kinetic energy.
If a body of mass ‘m’ is moving with a velocity ‘v’ then kinetic energy of a body is given by,
Kinetic energy (KE) = \(\frac{1}{2}\)mass \(\times\) (velocity)2
i.e. K.E. = \(\frac{1}{2}\) m \(\times\) v2
Where,
m = mass of the moving body
v = velocity of the moving body
The kinetic energy of a moving body is directly proportional to the product of the mass and square of the velocity of a body.
Define potential energy with two example and derive it equation.
The energy stored in or contained by a body at rest is calledpotential energy. Energy stored in a stretched rubber and energy of water stored in a dam are the examples of potential energy.
If a body of mass’m’ is raised to a height ‘h’, the energy contained by the body (PE) is given by,
Potential Energy (PE) = m \(\times\) g \(\times\) h
\(\therefore\) PE = mgh.
Where,
g = acceleration due to gravity whose value is 9.8m/s2.
Define heat energy and sound energy with two examples of each.
The form of energy, which gives sensation of warmth, is called heat energy. The two sources of heat energy are sun and heater. Sound is a form of energy that is produced due to the vibration of a body. Any two sources of sound energy are loudspeaker and radio.
When one joule work is said to be done? Write down the formula relating the work, force and displacement.
The work dine is said to be 1 joule when 1N force can displace a body through 1m distance in the direction of the force applied. The formula relating the work, force and displacement is,
Work (W) = Force (F) \(\times\) Displacement (d).
A porter is standing with load on his back, Is he working or not?
When a porter stands with load on his back, he does not do any work or he is not working. Because in science, to do work, the force applied always should cover a certain distance. But the porter is not covering any distance.
Give any six examples of potential energy.
Any six examples of potential energy are given below:
Gives any six examples of kinetic energy.
Any six examples of kinetic energy are as follows,
Define work done. Write types of work done with two examples of each.
Work is said to be done if a force applied on a body displace the body in the direction of the force. There are two types of work done which are as follows,
A man displaces an object to a distance of 10m by applying 50N effort. Calculated the work done.
Solutions:
We have,
Force applied (F) = 50N
Displacement (d) = 10m
According to the formula,
Work done (w) = F \(\times\) d
= 50 \(\times\) 10
= 500 joule
\(\therefore\) The work done is 500J.
A labor displaces a box to a distance of 25m. If the work done is 5000J then calculate the effort applied by the labor.
Solutions:
We have,
Force applied (F) = ?
Displacement (d) = 25m
Work done = 5000J
According to the formula,
Work done (w) = F \(\times\) d
Or, 5000 = F \(\times\) 25
Or, F = \(\frac{5000}{25}\)
Or, F = 200N
\(\therefore\) The effort applied is 200N.
Calculate the displacement of the body if the force applied is 100N and the work done is 2000J.
Solutions:
We have,
Force applied (F) = 100N
Displacement (d) = ?
Work done (w) = 2000J
According to the formula,
Work done (w) = F \(\times\) d
Or, 2000 = 100 \(\times\) d
Or, d = \(\frac{2000}{100}\)
Or, d = 2
\(\therefore\) The displacement of the body is 2m.
Calculate the amount of force applied when a body is displaced to a distance of 25m. The amount of work done is 2500 joule.
Solutions:
We have,
Force applied (F) = ?
Displacement (d) = 25m
Work done (w) = 2500J
According to the formula,
Work done (w) = F \(\times\) d
Or, 2500 = F \(\times\) 25
Or, F = \(\frac{2500}{25}\)
Or, F = 100N
\(\therefore\) The force applied is 100N.
If a person does 5000J of work in 50 seconds then what is the power of a person?
Solutions:
We have,
Work done (w) = 5000J
Time taken (t) = 50 seconds
Power (P) = ?
By using formula,
Power (P) = \(\frac{ Work done (w)}{ Time taken (t)}
Or, P = \(\frac{w}{t}\)
Or, P = \(\fract{5000}{50}\)
Or, P = 100 watt
\(\therefore\) The power of the man is 100 watt.
Calculate the power of the men if he does 2000J of work in 50 seconds.
Solutions:
We have,
Work done (w) = 2000J
Time taken (t) = 50 seconds
Power (P) = ?
By using formula,
Power (P) = \(\frac{ Work done (w)}{ Time taken (t)}
Or, P = \(\frac{w}{t}\)
Or, P = \(\fract{2000}{50}\)
Or, p = 40 watt
\(\therefore\) The power of the men is 40 watt.
Calculate the time taken fir a men if he does 2500J of work and power is 50 watt.
Solutions:
We have,
Work done (w) = 2500J
Time taken (t) = ?
Power (P) = 50 watt
By using formula,
Power (P) = \(\frac{ Work done (w)}{ Time taken (t)}
Or, P = \(\frac{w}{t}\)
Or, P = \(\fract{2500}{t}\)
Or, 50 = \(\fract{2500}{t}\)
Or, t = \(\fract{2500}{50}\)
Or, t = 50 seconds
\(\therefore\) The time taken is 50 seconds.
Calculate the work done by a man if his power is 60 watt and time taken to do a work is 12 seconds.
Solutions:
We have,
Work done (w) = ?
Time taken (t) = 12 seconds
Power (P) = 60 watt
By using formula,
Power (P) = \(\frac{ Work done (w)}{ Time taken (t)}
Or, P = \(\frac{w}{t}\)
Or, 60 = \(\fract{work done }{12}\)
Or, Work done (w) = 60 \(\times\) 12
Or, Work done (w) = 720 joule
\(\therefore\) The work done is 720 Joule.
What are the differences between power and energy?
The differences between power and energy are given below,
Energy |
Power |
The capacity of doing work is called energy. |
The rate of doing work is called power. |
The SI unit of energy is joule (J). |
The SI unit of power is watt (W). |
Energy of the body is measured by the total work done by the body. Time is not considered. |
Power is measured by work done in unit time. |
What are the differences between potential energy and kinetic energy?
The differences between potential energy and kinetic energy are given below,
Potential energy |
Kinetic energy |
The energy possessed by a body in rest is called potential energy. |
The energy possessed by a body in its motion is called kinetic energy. |
The potential energy of the body depends on its mass, height and change in condition. |
The kinetic energy of a body depends on its mass and speed. |
Example: stretched rubber |
Example: a hammer striking a nail. |
What are the differences between workdone and energy?
The differences between work done and energy are given below,
Work done |
Energy |
Work is said to be done when a body moves in the direction of the applied force. |
The capacity of doing work is called energy. |
It is mathematically written as Work done (w) = Force (F) \(\times\) Displacement (d). |
It is either given as K.E = \(\frac{1}{2}mv2 or P.E = mgh. |
For example,when aboy is displaced (d) from one position to another by applying force (F). |
For example, sound energy, mechanical energy, kinetic energy, etc. |
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