Subject: Optional Maths
Mathematics is the study of numbers and it starts from the number system. According to our level, we shall start from Real numbers. The chart below explains about the number system:
You can see a number line having a set of numbers are positive. In the figure the possesses will never end if we continue the process.So, marked numbers are called natural numbers which are denoted by N.Here, the natural numbers are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5......
Before only numbers except zero has been used. Zero usually means the emptiness which is denoted by 0. It is middle numbers between positive and negative numbers.
A set of the natural number along with zero is called whole numbers which are denoted by W. Hence, whole numbers W = 0, 1, 2, 3, . . . . . .
We know ,
Natural numbers are = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ....... and Negative natural numbers are = -1, -2, -3, -4, -5, ......
Therefore, the set of all positive natural numbers, negative natural numbers inclusive of zero is known as integers. It is denoted by \(\mathbb{Z}\).
So, \(\mathbb{Z}\) = ........, - 3, - 2, - 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, .......
figure
Note :
A number that can be written in the form of \(\frac{p}{q}\) where q ≠ o is called rational number .It is derived from the word ratio which also satisfies the structure \(\frac{p}{q}\}.
Note:p and q also needs to be integers
eg: \(\frac{2}{3}\) , \(\frac{5}{9}\), 0 etc .
Properties of rational numbers
Those members which can not be expressed in the form of \(\frac{a}{b} \} where a and b both are integers and b ≠ 0 , are called irrational numbers .
eg : \(\sqrt{5}\), \(\sqrt{3}\), 5\(\sqrt{7}\), \(\sqrt{3}\)+2, \(\frac{1}{2 + \sqrt{5}}\),π, 0.303003000 . . . . .
The decimals of irrational numbers are neither terminating nor repeating.
eg: In \(\sqrt{2}\) the order of \(\sqrt{2}\) is 2.
In \(\sqrt[3]{29}\) the order of \(\sqrt[3]{29}\) is 3.
Determine whether the following are terminating or repeating decimals.
\(\frac{2}{5}\)
Solution
\(\frac{2}{5}\)
= \(\require{enclose}\begin{array}{r}0.4\\[-3pt]5\enclose{longdiv} {20}\\[-3pt]\underline{20} \end{array}\)
Here, Divident = 2
Divisor = 5
Determine whether the following are terminating or repeating decimals.
\(\frac{1}{2}\)
Solution
\(\frac{1}{2}\)
= \(\require{enclose}\begin{array}{r}0.5\\[-3pt]2\enclose{longdiv} {10}\\[-3pt]\underline{10} \end{array}\)
Divident = 1
Divisor = 2
Here, \(\frac{1}{2}\)= 0.5 which is terminating decimal.
Determine whether the following are terminating or repeating decimals.
\(\frac{11}{30}\)
Solution
= \(\frac{11}{30}\)
= \(\require{enclose}\begin{array}{r}0.366\\[-3pt]30\enclose{longdiv}{110}\\[-3pt]\underline{90}\\[-3pt]{200} \\[-3pt]\underline{180}\\[-3pt]\\{200}\\[-3pt]\underline{180}\\[-3pt]{20}\end{array}\)
Divident= 11
Divisor= 30
Here, \(\frac{11}{30}\) = 0.366 is also repeating decimal. So it is rational number.
Determine whether the following are terminating or repeating decimals.
\(\frac{7}{22}\)
Solution
=\(\frac{7}{22}\)
= \(\require{enclose}\begin{array}{r}1.31818\\[-3pt]22\enclose{longdiv}{70}\\[-3pt]\underline{66}\\[-3pt]{40} \\[-3pt]\underline{22}\\[-3pt]\\{180}\\[-3pt]\underline{176}\\[-3pt]{40}\\[-3pt]\underline{22}\\[-3pt]{180}\\[-3pt]\underline{176}\\{4}\end{array}\)
Divident= 7
Divisor= 22
Here, \(\frac{7}{22}\) = 0.31818 which is repeating decimal. So, \(\frac{7}{22}\) is a rational number.
What are whole numbers?
The set of all the natural along with zero is known as hole numbers.
What are a Rational number?
Any number that can be written in the form of \(\frac{p}{q}) where q≠0 is known as the rational number.
What does zero denote in Natural Number System?
Zero(0) is neither positive integers nor negative integer. It is a natural number.
What are positive Integers?
The positive integers are those whose set are all positive natural numbers and it is denoted by Z+.
What are integers?
Integers are the set of all positive and negative natural numbers inclusive of Zero. I t can be denoted by Zero(0).
Determine whether the following are terminating or repeating decimals.
\(\frac{1}{4}\)
Solution
=\(\frac{1}{4}\)
=\(\require{enclose}\begin{array}{r}0.25\\[-3pt]4\enclose{longdiv}{10}\\[-3pt]\underline{8}\\[-3pt]{20}\\\underline{20}\end{array}\)
Divident = 1
Divisor= 4
Here, \(\frac{1}{4}\) = 0.25 which is terminating decimal.
Determine whether the following are terminating or repeating decimals.
\(\frac{1}{4}\)
Solution
\(\frac{1}{4}\)
= \(\require{enclose}\begin{array}{r}0.25\\[-3pt]4\enclose{longdiv} {10}\\[-3pt]\underline{8} \\[-3pt]20\\\underline{20}\end{array}\)
= Here, the quotient is 0.25. It is terminating after 2 decimals.
Divident= 1
Divisor = 4
Determine whether the following are terminating or repeating decimals.
\(\frac{2}{9}\)
Solution
=\(\frac{2}{9}\)
= \(\require{enclose}\begin{array}{r}0.222\\[-3pt]9\enclose{longdiv}{20}\\[-3pt]\underline{18}\\[-3pt]{20} \\[-3pt]\underline{18}\\[-3pt]\\{20}\\[-3pt]\underline{18}\end{array}\)
Divident = 2
Divisor = 9
Here, \(\frac{2}{9}\) = 0.222 which is repeating decimal. So, it is also a rational number.
Determine whether the following are terminating or repeating decimals.
\(\frac{13}{8}\)
Solution
= \(\frac{13}{8}\)
= \(\require{enclose}\begin{array}{r}1. 625\\[-3pt]8\enclose{longdiv}{13}\\[-3pt]\underline{8}\\[-3pt]{50} \\[-3pt]\underline{48}\\[-3pt]\\{20}\\[-3pt]\underline{16}\\[-3pt]{40}\\[-3pt]\underline{40}\\{0}\end{array}\)
Divident = 13
Divisor = 8
Here, \(\frac{13}{8}\) = 1.625 which is terminating decimal.
What are the properties of rational numbers?
The properties of rational numbers are listed below:
Determine whether the following are terminating or repeating decimals.
\(\frac{1}{8}\)
Solution
=\(\frac{1}{8}\)
= \(\require{enclose}\begin{array}{r}0.25\\[-3pt]8\enclose{longdiv}{10}\\[-3pt]\underline{8}\\[-3pt]{20}\\[-3pt]\underline{16}\\[-3pt]{40}\\\underline{40}\end{array}\)
Here, Divident= 1
Divisor = 8
Since, \(\frac{1}{8}\) = 0.25 which is terminating decimal. So, it is rational number.
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