Algebraic Expressions

Algebraic Expression

Generally, Algebraic expressions are the symbol or a combination of symbols used in algebra containing one or more numbers, variables, and arithmetic operations. 2xyz, 2x +yz, 2x + y, etc. are the examples of Algebraic Expressions.

Evaluation of Algebraic Expressions

When we replace the variable of a term or expression with numbers, the value of the terms or expression is obtained. It is called the evaluation of a term or expression. For examples,

If x = 3, y = 4 and z = 2, then

2xyz = 2 × 3 × 4 × 2 = 48

Law of Indices

While performing the operations of multiplication and division of algebraic expression it needs to work out indices of the same bases under the certain rules. These are called the law of indices.

1. Product law of indices
   In product law of indices, when the same base is multiplied we should add their indices. When a^m and aⁿ are two terms then a^{a + n}. For examples,
   2 × 2 = 2^{1 + 1} = 2²
   2×2 = 2⁴⁺² = 2⁶
   
2. Quotient law of indices
   In quotient law of indices, when the base is divided by another same base, power should be subtracted. Like, a^m ÷ aⁿ = a^m-n. For examples,
   3²÷3 = \(\frac{3^2}{3}\) =\(\frac{3×3}{3}\) = 3 = 3^2-1
3. Power law of indices
   In power law of indices, when a base with some power has another power, the powers are multiplied. For examples,
   (2²)² = 2² × 2²= 2²⁺²= 2⁴
4. Law of Zero indices
   In this law of indices, the value of a base with power 0 is always1. If a⁰ is any term with a base a and power 0, then a⁰ = 1. For example,
   2⁰ = 1, 5⁰ = 1

Addition and Subtraction of algebraic expression

To add and subtract the algebraic expression, there should be the like and unlike terms. Unlike terms are those which do not have the same base and like terms are those which have the same base. While adding and subtracting algebraic term, we should add or subtract the coefficients of

like terms. For example,

1. 2x + 3x = 5x
2. 7x - 5x = 2x

Multiplication of algebraic expressions

When the coefficients of the terms of the terms are multiplied and the power of the same bases are added then it is called Multiplication of algebraic expressions. For example,

1. 2x²×3x = 6x³
2. 3a²×3a² = 9a⁴

Multiplication of polynomials by monomials

In this case, in each term of polynomials is separately multiplied by the monomial. For example

Multiply, (b+c) by x.

Here, x× (b+c) = bx +cx

Multiplication of polynomials

In this case, each term of polynomials is separately multiplied by each term of another polynomial. Then, the product is simplified. For examples,

(a+b) by (x+y)

Here, (x+y)(a+b)

or, x(a+b) = y(a+b)

or, ax+bx+ay+by

Some special products formulae

1. The product of (a+b) and (a+b) (square of binomials).
   Let's multiply (a+b) by (a+b)
   (a+b)×(a+b) = a(a+b) + b(a+b)
   (a+b)² = a² + 2ab + b²
   = a² + 2ab + b²
   Thus, (a+b)² = a² +2ab +b², then
   a² + b² = (a+b)² - 2ab
2. The product of (a-b) and (a-b)
   Let's multiply (a-b) by (a-b)
   (a-b)×(a-b) = a(a-b) - b(a-b)
   (a-b)² = a² - ab - ab + b²
   = a² - 2ab + b²
   THus, (a-b)² = a² - 2ab + b²
   Here, if (a-b)² = a² - 2ab + b², then,
   a² + b² = (a-b)² + 2ab
3. The product of (a+b), (a+b) and (a+b) (cube of binomials)
   Lets, find the products of (a+b)³
   (a+b)³ = (a+b) (a+b) (a+b)
   (a+b) (a+b)²
   (a+b)(a²+2ab+b²)
   a(a²+2ab+b²) + b(a²+2ab+b²)
   a³ + 2a²b +ab² + a²b + 2ab² +b³
   a³ +3a²b + 3ab² + b³
   ∴(a+b)³ = (a³ +3a²b + 3ab² + b³)
4. The product of (a-b), (a-b) and (a-b)
   Lets, find the products of (a-b)³
   (a-b)³ = (a-b) (a-b) (a-b)
   (a-b) (a-b)²
   (a-b)(a^2-2ab+b²)
   a(a^2-2ab+b²) - b(a^2-2ab+b²)
   a³- 3a²b +ab² + a²b + 2ab²- b³
   a³- 3a²b + 3ab²- b³
   ∴(a-b)³ = (a³-3a²b + 3ab²- b³)
   We can express these formulaes in other following forms
   we have (a³ +3a²b + 3ab² + b³) =(a+b)³
   a³ + b³ + 3ab (a+b) =(a+b)³
   a³ + b³ =(a+b)³ - 3ab (a+b)
   ∴ a³ + b³ =(a+b)³- 3ab (a+b)
   Also,(a³-3a²b + 3ab²- b³) = (a-b)³
   a³ - b³ - 3ab(a-b) = (a-b)³
   a³ - b³ - 3ab(a-b) = (a-b)³ + 3ab(a-b)
   ∴ a³- b³ =(a-b)³+ 3ab (a-b)
5. The product of (a+b) and (a+b)
   Let's multiply (a-b) by (a-b)
   (a+b)(a-b) = a(a-b) + b(a-b) = a² - ab + ab - b² = a² - b²
   Thus, (a+b) (a-b) = a² -b²

Division of algebraic expressions

While dividing a monomial by another monomial, divide the coefficient of dividend by the coefficient of of divisor. Then substract the power of the base of divisor from the power of the same base of dividend. For examples,

18x⁴y³ by 6x²y²

or, 18x⁴y³÷ 6x²y² = \(\frac{18x^4y^3}{6x^2y^2}\)

or, 3x^4-2y^3-2 = 3x²y

Division of polynomials by monomials

In this case each term of a polynomial is separately dividend by the monomial. For example,

(12x⁴ - 15x³)÷ 3x²

= \(\frac{24x^4}{3x^2}\) - \(\frac{15x^3}{3x^2}\)

= 4x^4-2 - 5x^3-2

= 4x² - 5x

Division of polynomials by polynomials

In this case, at first we should arrange the terms of divisor and dividend in descending or ascending order of power of common bases. Then we should atart the division dividing the term of dividend with the highest power.