Subject: Chemistry
The hydroxyl derivatives of alkanes are known as alcohols.
General formula - (CnH2n+1.OH) or R-OH
Word root - alk
Primary suffix and the secondary suffix - ol (Count the number of carbon atoms and give its parent name- 'e' of the parent name is substituted by 'ol').
IUPAC name - alkane (-e) + ol = alkanol
Molecular formula | Common name (alkyl alcohol) | IUPAC name |
CH3-OH C2H5-OH CH3-CH2-CH2-OH | Methyl alcohol Ethyl alcohol n-propyl alcohol | Methanol Ethanol Propan- 1- ol |
| iso-propyl alcohol | Propan- 2- ol |
| tert- butyl alcohol | 2-methyl propan-2- ol |
| ethylene glycol | 1,2- ethane diol |
| Glycerol (Glycerine) | 1,2,3- propane triol |
Halogen derivatives of alkane are known as haloalkane.
General Formula - CnH2n+1.X or R-X (X= Cl, Br, I)
Word root - alk
Prefix - halo
Suffix - ane
IUPAC name - haloalkane
Molecular Formula | Common name (alkyl halide) | IUPAC name |
CH3 - Cl | Methyl chloride | Chloromethane |
CH3-CH2-Br | Ethyl bromide | Bromoethane |
CH3-CH2-CH2-I | Propyl iodide | Iodopropane |
| Iso-propyl chloride | 2- chloropropane |
| Tert- butyl chloride | 2- chloro- 2- methylpropane |
| Iso-butyl chloride | 1- chloro- 2- methylpropane |
General Formula - R- C≡ N or R-CN (R = CnH2n+1)
Common name - Alkyl cyanide
IUPAC name - alkane + nitrile = alkane nitrile
Molecular formula | Common name | IUPAC name |
CH3-CN | Methyl cyanide | Ethanenitrile |
CH3-CH2-CN | Ethyl cyanide | Propane nitrile |
CH3-CH2-CH2-CN | Propyl cyanide | Butane nitrile |
CH3-CH2- CH2-CH2-CN | Butyl cyanide | Pentane nitrile |
General formula -R-NC
Common name- Alkyl isocyanide
IUPAC name -alkyl + carbylamines
Molecular formula | Common name | IUPAC name |
CH3-NC | Methyl isocyanide | Methyl carbylamine |
C2H5- NC | Ethyl isocyanide | Ethyl carbylamine |
CH3 -CH2- CH2- NC | Proyl isocyanide | Propyl carbylamine |
General formula -R-NH2
Common name -Alkyl + amine
IUPAC name - Alkanamine or Amino alkane
Molecular formula | Common name | IUPAC name |
CH3-NH2 | Methylamine | Methanamine or aminomethane |
CH3-CH2-NH2 | Ethylanime | Ethanamine or amino ethane |
CH3-CH2-CH2-NH2 | Propylamine | Propanamine or amino propane |
General formula-
IUPAC name -If two alkyl groups are present in the amine group, one N is written for one alkyl group + amino group + parent name of second alkyl group,
Molecular formula | Common name | IUPAC name |
CH3-NH-CH3 | Dimethylamine | N-methyl aminomethane |
CH3-NH-CH2-CH3 | Ethylmethylanime | N- methyl aminoethane |
General formula -
IUPAC name -If three alkyl groups are present in the amine group, then two N, N is written for two alkyl group, amino group + parent name of the third alkyl group.
Molecular formula | Common name | IUPAC name |
| Trimethylamine | N,N- dimethyl aminomethane |
| Ethyl dimethylamine | N,N- dimethyl aminoethane |
General formula -R-NO2
Common and IUPAC name -nitro + alkane = nitroalkane
Molecular formula | Common name | IUPAC name |
CH3-NO2 | Nitromethane | nitromethane |
CH3-CH2-NO2 | Nitroethane | nitroethane |
General formula -
Common name -
IUPAC name -
Molecular formula | Common name | IUPAC name |
CH3-O-CH3 | Dimethyl ether | methoxymethane |
C2H5-O-C2H5 | Diethyl ehter | ethoxyethane |
C2H5-O-CH3 | Ethyl methyl ether | methoxyethane |
CH3-O-CH2-CH2-O-CH3 | 1,2- dimethoxyethane | 1,2 -dimethoxyethane |
| di-isopropyl ether | 2-isoproxypropane |
| 2- methoxy- 2- butene | 2- methoxy-2- butene |
General formula -
IUPAC name -Alkane - e +one = alkanone
Fixed the position of keto group and count the number of carbon atoms including -CO- group, give its parent name and 'e' of the parent name is substituted by one.
Molecular formula | Common name | IUPAC name |
CH3-CO-CH3 | Dimethyl ketone (acetone) | 2- propanone |
CH3-CO-CH3-CH3 | Ethyl methyl ketone | 2- butanone |
| Methyl iso-propylketone | 3-methyl butan-2-one |
CH3-CH2-CH2-CO-CH3 | Methyl proplketone | pentan-2- one |
General formula - RCOOH or
IUPAC name - alkane -e + oic acid = alkanoic acid
Fixed the position of -COOH group and count the number of carbon atoms including -COOH group, give its parent name and 'e' of the parent name is substituted by -oic acid.
Molecular formula | Common name | IUPAC name |
HCOOH(exception) | Formic acid | Methanoic acid |
CH3-COOH | Acetic acid | Ethanoic acid |
CH3-CH2-COOH | Propanoic acid | Propanoic acid |
CH3-CH2-CH2-COOH | Butyric acid | Butanoic acid |
| Oxalic acid | Ethanedioic acid |
| Citric acid | 2- hydroxy propane-1,2,3- trioic acid |
| Trataric acid | 2,3- dihydroxy butane 1,4- dioic acid. |
General formula - RCHO or
IUPAC name - alkane -e + al = alkanal
Fixed the position of -CHO froup and count the number of carbon atoms including -CHO group, give it parent name and 'e' of the parent name is replaced by 'al'.
Molecular Formula | Common name | IUPAC name |
HCHO (exception) | Formaldehyde | methanal |
CH3-CHO | Acetaldehyde | ethanal |
CH3-CH2-CHO | Propionaldehyde | propanal |
| Iso- butyraldehyde | 2-methyl propanal |
| β- methyl, butyraldehyde | 3- methyl butanal |
CHO-CH=CH-CH2-CHO | Pent- 2- ene- 1,5 -dial | pent- 2 ene- 1,5- dial |
General Formula - RCONH2 or
IUPAC name - alkane -e + amide = alkanamide
Molecular formula | Common name | IUPAC name |
H-CONH2 (Exception) | Formamide | Methanamide |
CH3-CONH2 | Acetamide | Ethanamide |
CH3-CH2-CONH2 | Propionamide | Propanamide |
CH3-CH2-CH2-CONH2 | Butyramide | Butanamide |
NH2-CO-CH2 | Urea | Amino methanamide |
General formula - R-COOR or R-COOR'
Prefix - alkyl
word root - alk
Primary suffix - ane, ene, or yne
Secondary suffix - oate
IUPAC name - alkyl alkanoate
Molecular formula | Common name | IUPAC name |
HCOOCH3 (Exception) | Methyl formate | Methyl methanoate |
CH3-COO-CH3 | Methyl acetate | Methyl ethanoate |
CH3-COO-C2H5 | Ethyl acetate | Ethyl ethanoate |
| Ethyl methyl propionate | 2-methyl ethyl propanoate |
| Ethyl 1,2- ethyl butanoate | ethyl- 2-ethyl butanoate |
General formula -
IUPAC name - alkanoic anhydride
Molecular formula | Common name | IUPAC name |
| Acetic anhydride | Ethanoic anhydride |
| butyric propionic anhydride | butanoic propanoic anhydride |
Reference:
Adhikari, Rameshwar; Khanal, Santosh; Subba , Bimala; Adhikari, Santosh; Khatiwada, Shankar Pd. Universal Chemistry XI. First. Vol. 1st. Kathmandu: Oasis Publication, 2069.
Chaudhary, Ganga Ram; Karna, Shila Kant Lal; Sharma, Kanchan; Singh, Sanjay; Gupta, Dipak Kumar. A Textbook of Higher Secondary Chemistry XI. Ed. 2nd. Kathmandu: Vidyarthi Pustak Bhandar, 2069 (2012).
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