Subject: Chemistry
The organic compounds containing carbon and hydrogen atoms are known as a hydrocarbon. For example- Methane (CH4), Ethane (C2H6), Hexane (C6H14), Benzene of aromatic hydrocarbon (C6H6) etc.
On the basis of structure, hydrocarbons can be broadly classified into two classes:
The hydrocarbons, which contain atoms linked on the open chain are known as open-chain compounds. Example: n-pentane, iso-pentane, neo-pentane e.t.c.
Neo-pentane (If central atom is attached to 4 carbon atoms).
Open chain compounds are further divided into-
•Saturated hydrocarbons (alkane)
Those hydrocarbons, in which the carbon atoms are bonded to each other with a single covalent bond (-C-C-) are called saturated hydrocarbons. They are also known as alkanes. They follow general formula CnH2n+2(+ane suffix), where 'n' is any positive integer. For example-
If n=1, C1H2X1+2⇒ CH4 (Methane)
If n=2, C2H2X2+2⇒ C2H6 (Ethane)
They are also known as paraffin. Example- Propane.
•Unsaturated hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons, which the carbon atoms are bonded to each other with two (=C=C=), or three (-C≡C-) covalent bond and have the tendency to gain more hydrogen atoms are known as unsaturated hydrocarbons. They are two types:
Those hydrocarbons, which contain the ring of carbon atoms are known as cyclic ring compounds. Examples
They are further classified into Homocyclic and Heterocyclic compounds.
•Homocyclic compounds: If the cyclic organic compounds are composed of carbon atoms, they are known as homocyclic compounds or homocyclic hydrocarbons.
Example: Cyclopentane, cyclohexane.
Homocyclic hydrocarbons are further divided into-
Examples of aromatic- Benzene, naphthalene etc.
Examples of alicyclic: Cyclohexane, cyclopentane. Aromatic and alicyclic compounds
•Heterocyclic compounds: Those cyclic hydrocarbons, which are composed of carbon atoms as well as other elements like N, O, S etc. are known as heterocyclic compounds. For example-
Reference:
Adhikari, Rameshwar; Khanal, Santosh; Subba , Bimala; Adhikari, Santosh; Khatiwada, Shankar Pd. Universal Chemistry XI. First. Vol. 1st. Kathmandu: Oasis Publication, 2069.
Chaudhary, Ganga Ram; Karna, Shila Kant Lal; Sharma, Kanchan; Singh, Sanjay; Gupta, Dipak Kumar. A Textbook of Higher Secondary Chemistry XI. Ed. 2nd. Kathmandu: Vidyarthi Pustak Bhandar, 2069 (2012).
On the basis of structure, hydrocarbons can be broadly classified into two classes:
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