Introduction to Algae

This note contains detail information about algae along with its characters and type.They are found in the variety of habitats like some member of algae grow in fresh water. Some are grown in marine water, on moist soil, on moist rocks, on snow, within or in animal or plant bodies. Learn More

Introduction to Spirogyra

This note contains detail information about spirogyra along with its general characteristics. Spirogyra is a genus comprising about 300 species. It is a very common free floating filamentous freshwater alga, growing, abundantly in ponds, pools, ditches, springs, lakes, and slows running rivers and streams, etc. Learn More

Sexual reproduction in Spirogyra

This note contains detail information about sexual reproduction in spirogyra. Sexual reproduction and spirogyra is called conjugation and may be regarded as a special kind of isogamous since there is no difference in the shape of gametes. Learn More

Bryophyta

This note contains detail information about bryophytes along with its general characteristics and its types. Bryophytes are the simple and primitive group of the moist terrestrial plant. These members are commonly called amphibian plants because water is essential for fertilization. This group is placed between algae and Pteridophyta. Member of bryophyte represents about 25,000 species. 653 species are also found in Nepal. Bryophyta includes three different categories of plants i.e. liverworts, hornworts, and mosses. Learn More

Marchantia

This note contains detail information about Marchantia its habitat, and vegetative reproduction in Marchantia. Marchantia is kept in kingdom Plantae because it has the autotrophic mode of nutrition and cellulosic cell wall. It is kept in division bryophyte because it is the amphibian plant which needs water for fertilization. Genus name is Marchantia because gametophytic thallus is prostrate, dorsoventrally flattened and dichotomously branched. Learn More

Sexual reproduction in Marchantia

This note contains detail information about sexual reproduction in Marchantia. Marchantia is a dioecious plant. The male reproductive organ and female reproductive organ are developed in the separate plant. The male reproductive organ is known as antheridia and the female reproductive organ is known as archegonia. The reproductive organs are developed in a special structure known as the receptacle. The stalk of the receptacle is known as gametophore. Learn More

Funaria

This note contains detail information about funaria along with its habitat, external and internal features and vegetative reproduction in funaria. Funaria is a widely distributed moss. There are about 117 species of Funaria. It is found in moist habitat such as in the moist wall, tree trunk, rock, soil etc. The Gametophytic plant is dominant, erect and differentiated into rhizoid, axis, and leaf. It grows up to 1 to 3 cm length. Learn More

Sexual reproduction in Funaria

This note contains detail information about sexual reproduction in funaria. Sexual reproduction in funaria is a monogamous type. The male reproductive organ is known as antheridium and the female reproductive organ is known as archegonium. They are borne in clusters at the tips of separate branches. They are autoecious. Learn More

Pteridophytes

This note contains detail information about pteridophytes along with its general characteristics. Learn More

Dryopteris

This note contains detai information about dryopteris. Learn More

Reproduction in Dryopteris

This note contains etail information about reproduction dryopteris through various methods.Dryopteris is homosporous. Spores are produced in the sporangium. Sporangia are aggregated together and form sorus Learn More