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Modern Periodic Table

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Overview

Modern periodic law states, "All the physical and chemical properties of an element are the periodic functions of their increasing atomic number". This note has detail information about modern periodic table, its advantages characteristics and components.
Modern Periodic Table

Henry Mosley's classification

http://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/201208/images/Henry_Moseley-web.jpg

Fig: Henry Moseley

Modern periodic law: It states, "All the physical and chemical properties of an element are the periodic functions of their increasing atomic number".

Modern periodic table: The table, which is obtained after classifying elements based on modern periodic law, is called modern periodic table.

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Advantages of Modern Periodic Table

  1. The wrong position of some elements like argon, potassium, cobalt and nickel due to atomic weights has been solved by arranging the elements in the order of increasing atomic number without changing their own places.
  2. The isotopes of some element have the same atomic numbers. Therefore, they find the same position in the periodic table.
  3. The place of hydrogen in the periodic table has not yet been solved completely. However, the hydrogen is placed in group I A of the periodic table along with alkali metals due to its least atomic number which is '1'.
  4. It separates metals from non-metals.

  5. The groups of the table are divided into sub groups A and B due to their dissimilar properties, which make the study of elements specific and easier.
  6. The representative and transition elements have been separated.

Characteristics of Modern periodic table

  1. The elements are arranged based on their increasing atomic number.
  2. There are 7 periods and 18 groups in the table.

  3. The inert gases i.e. He, Ne, Ar, etc. are kept in the 0 group at the extreme right side of the table.

  4. All the groups are divided into sub groups A and B except 0 and VIII group in the modern periodic table.

Component of Modern periodic table

  1. Periods: Modern periodic table contains horizontal rows called periods. It contains 7 periods and are represented by n=one, n=two and so on.

    Periods of modern periodic table are of 3 types:

    1. Short period: 1st period contains only two elements whereas 2nd and 3rd period contains elements each. So, these periods are called short period.
    2. Long period: 4th and 5th period contain 18 elements each and 6th period contains 32 elements. So, they are called long period.
    3. Incomplete Long Period: 7th period contains 30 elements and some gap left for the elements, which will be discovered in the future. So, it is called incomplete long period.
  2. Groups: Modern periodic table contains vertical columns called groups. In this table, nine groups are there starting from IA to VII A and 0 group. Group IA to VII A are divided into sub groups A and B. Elements of different groups
    1. Group IA elements: Elements like hydrogen, lithium, sodium and potassium, etc. are placed in group IA. They can form electropositive (monovalent) cations after losing their one valence electrons. Elements of group IA are called alkali metals as their oxides are strongly basic.
    2. Group II A: In group II A, elements like beryllium, magnesium, calcium, etc. are present. Their valency is +2 and they can form bivalent cations. They are called alkaline earth metals because they form basic hydroxides which are less soluble in water.
    3. Group VII A elements: Elements like Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine, etc. lie in group VII A,they have seven valence electrons.So, they can give one electron and form electronegative ion during reaction. Elements of this group are called halogens as they react with the elements of group IA to give salt.
    4. Zero(0) group: Elements like helium, neon, argon, etc. are placed in this group which has stable electronic configuration.
    5. Transitional element: Those elements lying in between group II A and IIIA (i.e.fromgroup I B to group VII B and Group VIII) are called transition elements. They are called so because they have incomplete valence shell and penultimate shell.

    Advantages of Modern Periodic Table

    1. Position of metals, non-metals and metalloid: In modern periodic table, metals are placed on left side (i.e. group IA to II A), non metals are placed at the right side (i.e. group VIA, VII A) and metalloids are placed right to metals.
    2. Position of hydrogen: Hydrogen show electropositive nature by its valence electrons and sometimes it shows electronegative nature by gaining one electron in its valence shell. So, it resembles with elements of group IA and VII A. But it is placed in group IA because of its least atomic number.
    3. Position of f-block elements: Elements whose 4k sub shell is filled successively (i.e lanthanides and actinides) are placed separately in the bottom of the main body of the table.
Things to remember
  • Modern periodic law states, "All the physical and chemical properties of an element are the periodic functions of their increasing atomic number".
  • The table, which is obtained after classifying elements based on modern periodic law, is called modern periodic table.
  • The isotopes of some element have the same atomic numbers. Therefore, they find the same position in the periodic table.
  • All the groups are divided into sub groups A and B except 0 and VIII group in the modern periodic table.
  • Position of metals, non-metals and metalloid, position of hydrogen, position of f-block elements, etc. are the advantages of Modern Periodic Table.
  • It includes every relationship which established among the people.
  • There can be more than one community in a society. Community smaller than society.
  • It is a network of social relationships which cannot see or touched.
  • common interests and common objectives are not necessary for society.
Videos for Modern Periodic Table
Chemistry Periodicity in properties (Modern periodic table)
Modern Periodic Table
Modern Periodic Table - Science - Class 10
The Periodic Table: Properties of Groups and Periods
Questions and Answers

S-block

P-block

i. The s-block elements include the elements of group IA and group IIA.

ii. They are 12 in number.

iii. These elements, either one or two valence electrons are being filled in the S-orbital.

iv. The chemical reactivity of elements increases on going downwards in a group.

i. The P-block elements include the elements of group IIIA, IVA, VA, VIA, VIIA and group zero.

ii. They are 31 in number.

iii. The valence electrons are being filled in the P-orbital of all elements of group IIIA to VIIA. The elements of group 0 have completely filled P-orbital.

iv. The chemical reactivity of elements decreases ongoing downwards in group.

The zero group element are inert because they do not take part in chemical reaction as they are I octet state with 8 electron in their outermost orbit. They do not lose or gain electrons from their outermost orbit. The zero group elements are non reactive due to their octet state which seventh groups of elements are highly reactive due to presence of seven valence electrons as they can accept one electron for the stability from other atom during chemical reaction.

1.) The element A belongs to third period and IA group.
The element B belongs to second period and VIA group.
The element C belongs to third period and VIIA group.

2.) The element A is metal and B and C are non-metals.

i. When we move from left to right in the periodic table the metallic character of the elements decreases.

ii. The atomic radius of the elements decreases gradually from left to right in the periodic table.

  1. These elements are arranged based on their atomic number. The atomic number of elements increases as we move from left to right.
  2. Na is more active between Li and Na because the size of the atom increases as we move down and size of sodium atom is larger than that of lithium atom. So, sodium loses valence electron more easily than that of lithium atom.
  3. The formula of a compound made from Mg and Cl is MgCl2.
  4. A chemical equation for addition reaction between Mg and Cl is: Mg + Cl2 → MgCl2.
The systematic arrangement of electrons in various orbits or shell of an atom is called the electronic configuration of elements.
The Modern periodic law states that, “The physical and chemical properties of elements are the periodic function of their atomic numbers”.
The two feature of modern periodic table are:
  1. i. The groups are divided into sub-groups A and B to make the study of elements specific and easier.
  2. Even though the position of hydrogen is controversy, it is placed on the top of group IA due to its least atomic number.
The position of hydrogen is controversy. It has only one electron in its atom and shows many similar properties of the alkali metals (i.e. group IA) and the halogens (i.e. group VII A). It can lose one electron like the elements of group IA and also gain one electron like the elements of group VIIA in order to combine with other atoms. Hydrogen gives typical physical and chemical properties of non-metal. However it is placed at the top of group IA due to the least atomic number.
Two characteristics of modern periodic table are:
  1. The groups are divided into sub-groups A and B to make the study of elements specific and easier.
  2. Even though the position of hydrogen is controversy, it is placed on the top of group IA due to its least atomic number.
The elements which are arranged between IIA and IIIA in the periodic table are called transitional elements. The outermost cells and the penultimate shells in these elements are incomplete.
Lanthanides are a group of 15 elements from 57 La to 71 Lu. They are kept separately in the periodic table as they have properties similar to Lanthanum (La) and cannot fit in the provided space in the periodic table. Potassium and Calcium lie in the fourth period and Potassium is more reactive than calcium because the reactivity increases when we move from right to left in a period.
The following are the advantages of modern periodic table:
  1. The position of some elements like argon and potassium, cobalt and nickel, etc. due to atomic weight, has been solved by arranging the elements in the order of increasing atomic number.
  2. The isotopes of elements find distinct position.
  3. The position of hydrogen is controversy. However, it is placed on the top of the group IA due to its least atomic number.
  4. The groups are divided into sub-group A and B. It makes the study of the elements specific and easier.
The Modern periodic table is superior to Mendeleev's periodic table in following ways:
  1. The modern periodic table is based on the atomic number which is more fundamental than the atomic weight.
  2. It relates the position of an element in the periodic table with its electronic configuration.
  3. It removes the drawbacks about the position of isotopes in the Mendeleev's periodic table.
  4. Representative and transition elements have been separated.
  5. It separates the metals, metalloids and non-metals.
  6. Groups are divided into sub-groups for the element with similar properties.
The valency of an element depends upon the number of electrons of the outermost orbit of an atom i.e. valence electrons.
The electrons which remain on the outermost orbit of the atom are called valence electrons.
The tendency of an atom to achieve eight electrons in its outermost orbit for the stability during chemical reaction is called octet rule.
On moving from left to right in same period, the metallic character of elements decreases as the electropositive character of element decreases and the electronegative character increases. Therefore the metallic properties gradually change into non-metallic properties.
The group IA elements in the modern periodic table are known as alkali metals. When we go down in the group IA, the distance between nucleus and outermost orbit of atoms increases and attraction force between nucleus and electrons of the outermost orbit decreases that helps to lose the electrons more easily during chemical reaction. Therefore, the reactivity of group IA elements increases as we go down the group.

The electronic configuration of A and B are:
A (Oxygen) - 1s2, 2s22p4
B (Aluminum) - 1s2, 2s22p6, 3s23p1

Both A and B belong to the P-block in the periodic table.

The very active metals are found in group IA and very active non-metals are found in group VIIA in modern periodic table. When the atomic size of atom of very active metals is increased, the reactivity of atom is also increased. But when the atomic size of very active non-metals is increased, the reactivity of atom is decreased. The formula equation for the chemical reaction between very active metal and very active non-metal is: K + Cl2 → KCl
2K + Cl2 → 2KCl
This is combination chemical reaction.
The electric configuration of the element which lies in second period and sixth group of the modern periodic table based on sub-shells is 1s2, 2s22p4. The element 'X' belong to the group- IA and the element 'Y' belong to the group VIIA, if 'XY2' is the ionic compound.
Both chlorine and fluorine elements are electronegative. As the size of the atom of fluorine is smaller than the size of the atom of chlorine, the attraction force of the nucleus of fluorine is greater than the nucleus of chlorine. As the result, fluorine atom can attract the electron of other elements than chlorine atom during chemical reaction. Therefore, fluorine is more reactive than chloride.
The given metals are arranged according to their chemical reactivity as follows: Gold > Silver > Copper > Iron > Aluminum
Electric Configuration Name of the elements
1s2, 2s2 2p4 Oxygen
1s2, 2s2 2p6, 3s1 Sodium
The molecular formula of the compound forms by the combination of these elements is Na2O.
The chemical equation for the chemical reaction between the Na2O and hydrochloric acid (HCl) is
Na2O + 2HCl -----> 2NaCl + H2O

At no.24 (Cr) = 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2 2p6 3d5, 4s1

At. no. 29 (Cu) = 1s2,2s2 2p6 , 3s2 3p6 3d10 , 4s1

Quiz

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